sexta-feira, 27 de novembro de 2009

YoYo Squat Inertial Technology

PRINCÍPIOS DO YOYO (RESISTÊNCIA ISOINERCIAL)

A tecnologia YoYo™ desenvolveu um novo sistema e uma nova forma de treinamento resistido com o uso de Flywheels – na qual substitui as tradicionais anilhas e outros equipamentos baseados na resistência da gravidade. A resistência do YoYo™ provém de um rotor em movimento, muito similar ao ioiô usado pelas crianças, com o enrolamento e desenrolamento da cinta ao redor de seu eixo acoplado a uma Flywheel fixa.
Uma ação muscula
r concêntrica (+) inicia o movimento inercial do Flywheels, enquanto que uma ação muscular excêntrica (-) freia o mesmo movimento inercial. Este é o Princípio do YoYo™.

As aplicações do Princípio do YoYo™ são virtualmente ilimitadas. Compacto e leve, este sistema de exercícios é apropriado para qualquer área de atividade física: treino doméstico, paciente em reabilitação, atletas de elite, e até mesmos astronautas. A questão de Resistência Variável oferece ilimitadas formas de treinamento a qualquer usuário, com capacidade infinita de produzir força ou potência. O usuário poderá requerer movimentos curtos e explosivos usando somente um Flywheel, ou fazer treinamentos mais pesados acrescentando mais Flywheels. Usuários avançados podem aproveitar os benefícios do Treinamento em “sobrecarga excêntrica”.

Uma das principais diferenças com respeito aos exercícios convencionais feitos com estações de peso, barras, pesos livres ou dumbbells é que, enquanto com peso a resistência é constante e igual à carga pré-estabelecida (exercícios isotônicos), nos equipamentos YoYo™ a resistência é variável e – a cada repetição – proporcional à força desenvolvida: quanto maior a força, maior será a aceleração na qual o Flywheel retornará (exercícios isoinercial). O exercício termina quando a máxima força exercida diminui, devido à fadiga. Isso implica dizer também que todas as repetições, exceto a última, são, por definição, sub-máximas.

Inversamente, num equipamento YoYo™, cada repetição é executada na máxima força na qual o atleta pode atingir, mesmo que ela diminua com a fadiga. Como conseqüência, a ‘DOSE’ de treinamento (trabalho) para um certo número de repetições, é maior que com peso convencional.

Comparado com exercícios isotônicos, um exercício isoinercial de forças variáveis recria as condições na qual o sistema muscular é normalmente exigido no dia a dia. No esporte, por exemplo, a grande maioria dos movimentos envolve a aceleração e desaceleração de um corpo inercial (por exemplo uma bola ou parte do corpo). O equipamento YoYo™ simula o mesmo princípio de trabalho, transformando a aceleração de uma massa inercial em rotação (o Flywheel), em um movimento mono ou pluri-articular.

PESQUISA E APLICAÇÕES PRÁTICAS

A figura ao lado ilustra um estudo comparativo de 5 semanas, consistindo em 14 sessões de treinamento unilateral dos extensores de joelho numa máquina extensora. O estudo envolveu a participação de 16 indivíduos, metade deles treinados num equipamento convencional e a outra metade numa equipamento YoYo™.

A força máxima e o volume muscular (por RMN) foram comparados antes e após o treinamento. Embora tenha sido observado um incremento no volume muscular em ambos os equipamentos (aprox. 3% no equipamento com peso e 6% no YoYo™), o incremento de força máxima foi significante somente no grupo do YoYo™.

Vários estudos patrocinados pela European Space Agency (ESA) tem sido realizados com objetivo de verificar a efetividade do YoYo™ contra a atrofia muscular. Em um destes estudos, os sujeitos em experimento foram acamados por 90 dias, para induzir a atrofia muscular similar ao que é observado depois de um prolongado tempo no espaço.

Além disso, metade dos sujeitos foram submetidos a um regime de treinamento consistindo em 2 e 3 sessões semanais alternadas, de 4 x 7 repetições em um equipamento 'leg press' do tipo YoYo™.

Conforme gráfico ao lado, embora a duração total dos exercícios em 90 dias tenha sido somente de 30 a 40 min, isso foi suficiente para combater a diminuição do volume da massa muscular, assim como a força explosiva dos movimentos isométricos, concêntrico e excêntricos.

INFORMAÇÕES sobre TREINAMENTO

Vantagens da tecnologia YoYo™ comparada com peso livre ou equipamentos e estação de trabalho:

  • Sobrecarga excêntrica
  • Toda e qualquer repetição será na força máxima
  • Ergonômico e independente da técnica do usuário
  • Independente da força gravitacional (movimentação livre)
  • Elevada ativação do Glúteo Máximo
  • Praticidade para treinamento em grupos heterogêneos
  • Econômico e de fácil transporte

REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

- Agre JC. Hamstring injuries. Proposed aetiological factors, prevention, and treatment. Sports Med. 2:21-33, 1985
- Alfredson H and Lorentzon R. Intratendinous glutamate levels and eccentric training in chronic Achilles tendinosis: a prospective study using microdialysis technique. Knee Suirg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 11:196-199, 2003
- Alfredson H, Pietila T, Jonsson P, and Lorentzon R. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. Ant J Sports Med. 26:360-366, 1998
- Alfredson H. Chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: an update on research and treatment. Clin Sports Med. 22:727-741, 2003
- Alkner B. Effects of unloading and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle function, size and composition in man. PhD Thesis. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. Section for Muscle and Exercise Physiology, Stockholm, 2005
- Alkner BA and Tesch PA. Efficacy of a gravity-independent resistance exercise device as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy during 29-day bed rest. Acta Physiol Scand. 181:345-357, 2004
- Alkner BA and Tesch PA. Knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle size and function following 90 days of bed rest with or without resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 93:294-305, 2004
- Askling C, Karlsson J, Thorstensson A. Hamstring injury occurrence in elite soccer players after preseason strength training with eccentric overload. Scand I Med Sci Sports. 13:244-250, 2003
- Berg H and Tesch P. Oxygen uptake during concentric and eccentric resistive exercise using a new gravity-independent ergometer. In Proc. 4th European Symposium of Life Sciences in Space (ESA SP-307, Nov 1990). Trieste, Italy, May 28-June 1, 1990
- Berg HE, Larsson LL, Tesch PA. Lower limb skeletal muscle function after 6 wk of bed rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 82: 182-188. 1997.
- Bigland-Ritchie B and Woods JJ. Electromyogram and oxygen uptake during positive and negative work. J Physiol. 260:267277, 1976
- Brockett CL, Morgan DL, and Proske U. Human hamstring muscles adapt to eccentric exercise by changing optimum length. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33:783-790, 2001
- Cannell LJ, Taunton JE, Clement DB, Smith C, Khan KM. A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of drop squats or leg extension/leg curl exercises to treat clinically diagnosed jumper's knee in athletes: pilot study. Br J Sports Med. 35:60-64, 2001
- Chapman D, Newton M, Sacco P, and Nosaka K. Greater muscle damage induced by fast versus slow velocity eccentric exercise. Int J Sports Med. 27:591-598, 2006
- Chiu LZ and Salem GJ. Comparison of joint kinetics during free weight and flywheel resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 20:555562, 2006
- Christou EA and Carlton LG. Motor output is more variable during eccentric compared with concentric contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 34:1773-1778, 2002
- Clark R, Bryant A, Culgan, JP, Hartley B. The effects of eccentric hamstring strength training on dynamic jumping performance and isokinetic strength parameters: a pilot study on the implications for the prevention of hamstring injuries. Physical Therapy in Sport. 6:67-73, 2005
- Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 24:512-520, 1992
- Colliander EB and Tesch PA. Effects of eccentric and concentric muscle actions in resistance training. Acta Physiol Scand. 140:31-39, 1990
- Connell DA, Schneiderkolsky ME, Hoving JL, Malara R, Buchbinder R, Koulouris G, Burke F, Bass C. Longitudinal study comparing sonographic and MRI assessments of acute and healing hamstring injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 183:975-984, 2004
- Dudley GA, Tesch PA, Miller BJ, and Buchanan P. Importance of eccentric actions in performance adaptations to resistance training. Aviat Space Environ Med. 62:543-550, 1991
- Enoka RM. Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system. I Appl Physiol. 81:2339-2346, 1996
- Fahlström M, Jonsson P, Lorentzen R, and Alfredson H. Chronic Achilles tendon pain treated with eccentric calf-muscle training. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 11:327-333, 2003
- Fang Y, Siemionow V, Sahgal V, Xiong F, and Yue GH. Distinct brain activation patterns for human maximal voluntary eccentric and concentric muscle actions. Brain Res. 1023:200-212, 2004
- Fang Y, Siemionow V, Sahgal V, Xiong F, and Yue GH. Greater movement-related cortical potential during human eccentric versus concentric muscle contractions. J Neurophysiol. 86:1764-1772, 2001
- Fluckey JD, Norrbrand L, Pozzo M, Smith L, Tesch PA. Acute insulin is not necessary for post exercise elevations of muscle protein synthesis after 5 weeks of resistance exercise training. FASEB J. 2006, 20: A821-c
- Fridén J, Seger J, Sjöstrom M, and Ekblom B. Adaptive response in human skeletal muscle subjected to prolonged eccentric training. Int Sports Med. 4:177-183, 1983
- Gabbe BJ, Branson R, Bennell KL. A pilot randomized controlled trial of eccentric exercise to prevent hamstring injuries in community-level Australian Football. J Sci Med Sport. 9:103-109, 2006
- Gamrin L, Berg HE, Essén P, Tesch PA, Hultman E, Garlick PJ, McNurlan MA, Wernerman J. The effect of unloading on protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 163: 369-377. 1998
- Garland SJ, Cooke JD, Ohtsuki T. Lack of task-related motor unit activity in human triceps brachii muscle during elbow movements. Neurosci Lett. 170:1-4, 1994
- Garrett WE. Muscle strain injuries: clinical and basic aspects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 22:436-443, 1990
- Gibala MJ, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Stauber WT, Elorriaga A. Changes in human skeletal muscle ultrastructure and force production after acute resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 78:702708, 1995
- Greenwood J, Morrissey MC, Rutherford OM, Narici MV. Comparison of conventional resistance training and the fly-wheel ergometer for training the quadriceps muscle group in patients with unilateral knee injury. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Dec;101(6):697-703
- Haddad F, Baldwin KM, Tesch PA. Pretranslational markers of contractile protein expression in human skeletal muscle: effect of limb unloading plus resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 98:46-52, 2005
- Hather BM, Tesch PA, Buchanan P, Dudley GA. Influence of eccentric actions on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training. Acta Physiol Scand. 143:177-185, 1991
- Haus JM, Carrithers JA, Carroll CC, Tesch PA, Trappe TA. Contractile and connective tissue protein content of human skeletal muscle: effects of 35 and 90 days of simulated microgravity and exercise countermeasures. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Oct;293(4):R1722-7
- Heiser TM, Weber J, Sullivan G, Clare P, Jacobs RR. Prophylaxis and management of hamstring muscle injuries in intercollegiate football players. Am J Sports Med. 12:368-370, 1984
- Hill AV. The maximum work and mechanical efficiency of human muscles, and their most economical speed. J Physiol. 56:19-41, 1922
- Hilliard-Robertson PC, Schneider SM, Bishop SL, and Guilliams ME. Strength gains following different combined concentric and eccentric exercise regimens. Aviat Space Environ Med. 74:342-347, 2003
- Hortobagyi T, Barrier J, Beard D, Braspennincx J, Koens P, Devita P, Dempsey L, Lambert J. Greater initial adaptations to submaximal muscle lengthening than maximal shortening. J Appl Physiol. 81:1677-1682, 1996
- Hortobagyi T, Devita P, Money J, Barrier J. Effects of standard and eccentric overload strength on training in young women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33:1206-1212, 2001
- Hortobagyi T, Hill J P, Houmard JA, Fraser DD, Lambert NJ, Israel RG. Adaptive responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans. J Appl Physiol. 80:765-772, 1996
- Hoskins W, Pollard H. Hamstring injury management—Part 2: Treatment. Man Ther. 10:180- 190, 2005
- Howell JN, Chleboun G, Conatser R. Muscle stiffness, strength loss, swelling and soreness following exercise-induced injury in humans. J Physiol. 464:183-196, 1993
- Howell JN, Fuglevand AJ, Walsh ML, Bigland-Ritchie B. Motor unit activity during isometric and concentric-eccentric contractions of the human first dorsal interosseus muscle. J Neurophysiol. 74:901-904, 1995
- Jonsson P, Alfredson H. Superior results with eccentric compared to concentric quadriceps training in patients with jumper's knee: a prospective randomised study. Br J Sports Med. 39:847-850, 2005
- Kay D, St Clair Gibson A, Mitchell MJ, Lambert MI, Noakes T D. Different neuromuscular recruitment patterns during eccentric, concentric and isometric contractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 10:425-431, 2000
- Komi PV, Linnamo V, Silventoinen P, Sillanpaa M. Force and EMG power spectrum during eccentric and concentric actions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32:17571762, 2000

- Langberg H, Ellingsgaard H, Madsen T, Jansson J, Magnusson S P, Aagaard P, Kjaer M. Eccentric rehabilitation exercise increases peritendinous type I collagen synthesis in humans with Achilles tendinosis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 17:61-66, 2007
- LaStayo PC, Woolf JM, Lewek MD, Snyder-Mackler L, Reich T, Lindstedt S L. Eccentric muscle contractions: their contribution to injury, prevention, rehabilitation, and sport. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 33:557-571, 2003
- Linnamo V, Moritani T, Nicol C, Komi PV. Motor unit activation patterns during isometric, concentric and eccentric actions at different force levels. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 13:93-101, 2003
- Mafi N, Lorentzen R, and Alfredson H. Superior short-term results with eccentric calf muscle training compared to concentric training in a randomized prospective multicenter study on patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 9:42-47, 2001
- McHugh MP, Connolly DA, Estop RG, Gleim G W. Exercise-induced muscle damage and potential mechanisms for the repeated bout effect. Sports Med. 27:157-170, 1999
- McHugh MP. Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Scand Med Sci Sports. 13:88-97, 2003
- Mjolsnes R, Arnason A, Osthagen T, Raastad T, Bahr R. A 10-week randomized trial comparing eccentric vs. concentric hamstring strength training in well-trained soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 14:311-317, 2004
- Moore DR, Phillips SM, Babraj JA, Smith K, Rennie MJ. Myofibrillar and collagen protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle in young men after maximal shortening and lengthening contractions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 28811153-1159, 2005
- Moritani T, Muramatsu S, Muro M. Activity of motor units during concentric and eccentric contractions. Am J Phys Med. 66:338350, 1987
- Nardone A, Romano C, Schieppati M. Selective recruitment of high-threshold human motor units during voluntary isotonic lengthening of active muscles. J Physiol. 409:451-471, 1989
- Nardone A, Schieppati M. Shift of activity from slow to fast muscle during voluntary lengthening contractions of the triceps surge muscles in humans. J Physiol. 395:363-381, 1988
- Newham DJ, McPhail G, Mills KR, Edwards RH. Ultrastructural changes after concentric and eccentric contractions of human muscle. J Neurol Sci. 61:109-122, 1983
- Norrbrand L, Fluckey JD, Pozzo M, Tesch PA. Resistance training using eccentric overload induces early adaptations in skeletal muscle size. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008 Feb; 102(3):271-81.
- Norrbrand L, Pozzo M, Tesch P. Changes in quadriceps muscle volume and strength following 5 weeks of resistance training using a flywheel device vs gravity dependent weights. Proc. of the 3rdEuropean congress
- Achievements in Space Medicine into Healthcare Practice and Industry, Berlin, September 2005
- Norrbrand L, Tous-Fajardo J, Tesch P. The Squat: Iso-inertial resistance exercise promotes greater quadriceps muscle use than the barbell exercise. In 11th annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. Lausanne, p. Abstract 1115, 2006.
- Nosaka K, Clarkson PM. Muscle damage following repeated bouts of high force eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27:1263-1269, 1995
- Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P. How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33:1490-1495, 2001
- Ohberg L, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Eccentric training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis: normalized tendon structure and decreased thickness at follow up. Br J Sports Med. 38:8-11; discussion 11, 2004
- Orchard J and Best TM. The management of muscle strain injuries: an early return versus the risk of recurrence. Clin J Sport Med. 12:3-5, 2002
- Pasquet B, Carpentier A, Duchateau J. Specific modulation of motor unit discharge for a similar change in fascicle length during shortening and lengthening contractions in humans. J Physiol (LoNd). 577:753-765, 2006
- Ploutz-Snyder LL, Tesch PA, Dudley GA. Increased vulnerability to exercise induced dysfunction and muscle injury after concentric training. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 79: 58-61. 1998
- Pozzo M, Alkner B, Norrbrand L, Farina D, Tesch P. Muscle Fiber Conduction Velocity during Dynamic Fatiguing Exercise on a Flywheel Exercise Device. Proc. of the joint 9thEuropean Symposium on Life Science Research in space – 26thAnnual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting, Cologne, June 2005
- Pozzo M, Alkner B, Norrbrand L, Farina D, Tesch PA. Muscle-fiber conduction velocity during concentric and eccentric actions on a flywheel exercise device. Muscle Nerve. 34:169-177, 2006
- Pozzo M, Tesch P, Berg H, Edström A, Lund A. Non-gravity dependent training device for combined resistance and aerobic training in space and on Earth. Proc. of the 3rdEuropean congress - Achievements in Space Medicine into Healthcare Practice and Industry, Berlin, September 2005
- Pozzo M. An Innovative System for Monitoring of Performance during Resistance Exercise Training Programs. I Congreso Internacional de Avances en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Sevilla, May 2006
- Proske U. Predicting hamstring strain injury in elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 36:379-387, 2004
- Purdam CR, Jonsson P, Alfredson H, Lorentzon R, Cook JL, Khan KM. A pilot study of the eccentric decline squat in the management of painful chronic patellar tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 38:395-397, 2004
- Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, Ferretti G, Narici MV. Influence of 90-day simulated microgravity on human tendon mechanical properties and the effect of resistive countermeasures. J Appl Physiol. 98:2278-2286, 2005
- Reilly T and Mujika I. Science and football in an applied context. ICSSPE Bulletin. 47:8-14, 2006
- Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, Maganaris C, Ferretti JL. Vertical jump performance after 90 days bed rest with and without flywheel resistive exercise, including a 180 days follow-up. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Jul;100(4):427-36
- Rittweger J, Frost HM, Schiessl H, Ohshima H, Alkner B, Tesch P, Felsenberg D. Muscle atrophy and bone loss after 90 days' bed rest and the effects of flywheel resistive exercise and pamidronate: Results from the LT-BR study. Bone. 36:1019-1029, 2005
- Roos EM, Engström M, Lagerquist A, Söderberg B. Clinical improvement after 6 weeks of eccentric exercise in patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy — a randomized trial with 1-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 14:286-295, 2004
- Seynnes OR, de Boer M, Narici MV. Early skeletal muscle hypertrophy and architectural changes in response to high-intensity resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 102:368-373, 2007
- Shalabi A, Kristoffersen-Wilberg M, Svensson L, Aspelin P, Movie T. Eccentric training of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex in chronic Achilles tendinopathy results in decreased tendon volume and intratendinous signal as evaluated by MRI. Ant J Sports Med. 32:1286-1296, 2004
- Silbernagel KG, Thomee R, Thomee P, Karlsson J. Eccentric overload training for patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain—a randomised controlled study with reliability testing of the evaluation methods. Stand J Med Sci Sports. 11:197-206, 2001
- Stotz PJ and Bawa P. Motor unit recruitment during lengthening contractions of human wrist flexors. Muscle Nerve. 24:1535-1541, 2001
- Tesch PA and Berg HE. Effects of spaceflight on muscle. Journ Grav Physiol 5(1) P19-22. 1998
- Tesch PA and Berg HE. Resistance training in space. Int. J. Sports Med. 18: (Suppl. 4) 322-324. 1997
- Tesch PA, Dudley GA, Duvoisin MR,. Hather BM, Harris RT. Force and EMG signal patterns during repeated bouts of concentric or eccentric muscle actions. Acta Physiol Scand. 138:263-271, 1990
- Tesch PA, Ekberg A, Lindquist DM, Trieschmann JT. Muscle hypertrophy following 5-week resistance training using a non-gravity-dependent exercise system. Acta Physiol Stand. 180:8998, 2004
- Tesch PA, Trieschmann JT, Ekberg A. Hypertrophy of chronically unloaded muscle subjected to resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 96:1451-1458, 2004
- Tous Fajardo J, Pozzo M. The isoinertial technology. Proc. of 1er Seminario internacional de Plataformas Vibratorias y 1 er Clinic Internacional de la NCSA-CC en España. ISBN 978-84-935468-2-3. Madrid, 2006
- Tous J. Strength training at FC Barcelona. Insight Live. 11. July, 2005
- Tous-Fajardo J, Maldonado R, Quintana JM, Pozzo M, Tesch PA. The Flywheel Leg-Curl Machine: Offering Eccentric Overload for Hamstring Development. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Pet form. 1:293-298, 2006
- Tous-Fajardo J, Norrbrand L, Pozzo M, Tesch P. Quadriceps electromyographic activity during two different squat exercises: flywheel multigym vs barbell half-squat. In I Congreso Internacional de Avances en Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y el Deporte, Sevilla, May 19-20, 2006
- Vikne H, Refsnes PE, Ekmark M, Medbo JI, Gundersen V, Gundersen K. Muscular performance after concentric and eccentric exercise in trained men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 38:1770-1781, 2006
- Woods C, Hawkins RD, Maltby S, Hulse M, Thomas A, Hodson a. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football—analysis of hamstring in-juries. Br J Sports Med. 38:36-41, 2004
- Young MA, Cook KL, Purdam CR, Kiss ZS, Alfredson H. Eccentric decline squat protocol offers superior results at 12 months compared with traditional eccentric protocol for patellar tendinopathy in volleyball players. Br J Sports Med. 39:102-105, 2005




Um comentário: